Tuesday, August 4, 2009 - 4:35 PM

My kids are at summer camp this week, so my wife and I are sneaking away for a couple of days of R & R. I love my kids, but I am looking forward to what an IR theorist might call "the tranquility of a bipolar world" (and I mean "bipolar" in the structural realist sense, not as a synonym for manic depression). There'll be at least one guest blogger while I'm gone, and I may chime in a bit if time and internet access permits. But mostly I'm going to hike, paddle a kayak, enjoy my wife's company, and reflect on how lucky I am that she married me.
In the meantime, here are a few things you might want to read, focused mostly on the always-cheerful situation in the Middle East.
1. On the growing influence of orthodox and ultra-Orthodox in Israel, see the sobering report by the International Crisis Group here.
2. On how private donations to Nefesh B'Nefesh (an organization that helps people seeking to making aliyah) are helping subsidize the expansion of settlements in the West Bank -- even as President Obama tries to get Israel to halt this process -- see Mairev Zonszein's piece from The Nation here.
3. For the new Israeli government report that concluding that the IDF did not commit war crimes in the Gaza war, see here. But because most organizations are not very good at evaluating or judging their own conduct (for reasons that Aaron Wildavsky laid out a long time ago), I'd wait until the UN commission chaired by South African jurist Richard Goldstone issues its report before drawing a firm conclusion.
4. Roger Cohen has a fascinating account of the making of Obama’s Iran policy in the Times' Sunday Magazine. Helena Cobban adds interesting commentary on her blog here.
5. Speaking of the Times, Tom Friedman comes out clearly against the settlements project in his op-ed column, and even says that the "pro-Israel lobby" has been foolishly defending Israel's folly for years. Gee, where have I heard that before? Welcome aboard, Tom!
6. The Wall Street Journal's recent report on an interview with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal is a must-read, though it hardly marks a breakthrough and is (as one would expect) susceptible to multiple interpretations. Although it doesn’t meet the conditions the U.S. has established as requisite for direct negotiations, it sounds to me like there’s some flexibility there worth exploring back-channel.
7. If you want to be depressed about the magnitude of the task we face in Afghanistan, read Anthony Cordesman's press briefing here, reporting on his impressions after a recent trip. When we are still bogged down there five years from now, don’t say I didn’t warn you.
8. Katja Favretto (a recent Ph.D. from UCLA whom I don’t know) has an interesting article in the latest issue of the American Political Science Review, entitled "Should Peacemakers Take Sides? Major Power Mediation, Coercion, and Bias." It's a formal analysis that draws on evidence from the Bosnian crisis, and I'm pondering what it implies for the U.S. role as an "evenhanded" mediator in the Middle East. More on this when I get back and have a chance to re-read it.
9. If you want additional evidence that the National Review has abandoned any commitment to reality-based commentary, check out the goofy interview with supply-side economics guru George Gilder here. Gilder apparently believes that "anti-Semitism is essentially hatred of capitalism," (a statement that unwittingly echoes traditional anti-Semitic stereotypes about Jews and money), and declares "the Palestinian Arabs have benefited more from Israel than any other people," (if you leave out the Nakba, the Gaza War, and the confiscation of thousands of acres of land, of course). He also thinks Benjamin Netanyahu is "the most visionary leader in the world today," a view that few Israelis would endorse. Overall, this interview may have the highest ratio of howlers per paragraph of anything I've read in the last five years. And given that I've also read John Hagee's Jerusalem Countdown, that is saying something.
That ought to keep everyone busy while I'm away. And stay tuned for two forthcoming books: Campbell Craig and Fredrik Logevall's America's Cold War and John Mueller's Atomic Obsession, which I recently read in galleys or in draft. Both are excellent, and I'll have more to say about each when they're published.
Gibsonclaire/flickr
EXPLORE:ACADEMIA, CENTRAL ASIA, MIDDLE EAST, AFGHANISTAN, IRAN, ISRAEL/PALESTINE, OBAMA ADMINISTRATION
From Roger Cohen's article:
"Israeli officials have argued that they don’t believe Iran would ever be crazy enough to nuke them but do believe the change in the balance of power with a nuclear or near-nuclear Iran could be so decisive that Jews would begin to leave Israel."
Great news -- let's hope the settlers go back to where they came from: Brooklyn and Moldova and Russia, and let's let the Palestinian people back to where they lived for centuries.
Why should the US get involved in plans to help bomb Iran just because some Jews who never lived in the middle east will consider leaving Israel and go back to where they lived?
It is simply false that Palestinians have lived in the West Bank for centuries. Most are descendants of immigrants in the 19th century from Syria and Egypt, attracted by Jewish development. Jerusalem, for example, has always had a Jewish majority.
Palestinians routinely lie about Israel. Here's the latest example:
Israel Refutes Claims on West Bank Water Supply - Yaakov Katz
Palestinian claims that Israel denies water rights in the West Bank are "baseless and incorrect," Lt.-Col. Amnon Cohen, head of the civil administration's infrastructures department, said Tuesday. He said that in 2007 the Palestinians received 47 million cubic meters of water and in 2008 over 52 million. In addition, Israel recently allocated land on the beach next to Hadera for a Palestinian water desalination plant, which could provide over 100 million cubic meters of water annually. "The land was allocated over a year ago and the Palestinians have yet to move forward with the project," he said. "The Palestinians do not cooperate to try and independently improve their water situation," Cohen added. "While we in Israel are cutting back on water use due to the drought and imposing fines on people who use too much water, the Palestinians are doing nothing of the kind."
The Palestinians claimed that while the Israeli-PA joint water committee approved the drilling of 82 wells, none have been carried out due to Israeli refusal. "This is nonsense," Cohen explained. "Out of the 82, 43 are in Areas A and B which are under PA control and they do not need us involved. Out of the remaining 39, in Area C and under Israeli security control, 21 have been approved and 11 have not even been submitted for approval." Dozens of drillings have been approved over the years but the Palestinians have not acted upon them. There are already 11 open wells in the territories that have not been connected to pumps. "If they were to connect the wells, they would get another 11 million cubic meters of water," he said. (Jerusalem Post)
Re. Cordesman's report -- a CIA veteran weighs in:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/graham-e-fuller/global-viewpoint-obamas-p_b_201355.html?view=print
Obama's Policies Making Situation Worse in Afghanistan and Pakistan
For all the talk of "smart power," President Obama is pressing down the same path of failure in Pakistan marked out by George Bush. The realities suggest need for drastic revision of U.S. strategic thinking.
-- Military force will not win the day in either Afghanistan or Pakistan; crises have only grown worse under the U.S. military footprint.
-- The Taliban represent zealous and largely ignorant mountain Islamists. They are also all ethnic Pashtuns. Most Pashtuns see the Taliban -- like them or not -- as the primary vehicle for restoration of Pashtun power in Afghanistan, lost in 2001. Pashtuns are also among the most fiercely nationalist, tribalized and xenophobic peoples of the world, united only against the foreign invader. In the end, the Taliban are probably more Pashtun than they are Islamist.
-- It is a fantasy to think of ever sealing the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The "Durand Line" is an arbitrary imperial line drawn through Pashtun tribes on both sides of the border. And there are twice as many Pashtuns in Pakistan as there are in Afghanistan. The struggle of 13 million Afghan Pashtuns has already inflamed Pakistan's 28 million Pashtuns.
-- India is the primary geopolitical threat to Pakistan, not Afghanistan. Pakistan must therefore always maintain Afghanistan as a friendly state. India furthermore is intent upon gaining a serious foothold in Afghanistan -- in the intelligence, economic and political arenas -- that chills Islamabad.
-- Pakistan will therefore never rupture ties or abandon the Pashtuns, in either country, whether radical Islamist or not. Pakistan can never afford to have Pashtuns hostile to Islamabad in control of Kabul, or at home.
-- Occupation everywhere creates hatred, as the U.S. is learning. Yet Pashtuns remarkably have not been part of the jihadi movement at the international level, although many are indeed quick to ally themselves at home with al-Qaida against the U.S. military.
-- The U.S. had every reason to strike back at the al-Qaida presence in Afghanistan after the outrage of 9/11. The Taliban were furthermore poster children for an incompetent and harsh regime. But the Taliban retreated from, rather than lost, the war in 2001, in order to fight another day. Indeed, one can debate whether it might have been possible -- with sustained pressure from Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and almost all other Muslim countries that viewed the Taliban as primitives -- to force the Taliban to yield up al-Qaida over time without war. That debate is in any case now moot. But the consequences of that war are baleful, debilitating and still spreading.
-- The situation in Pakistan has gone from bad to worse as a direct consequence of the U.S. war raging on the Afghan border. U.S. policy has now carried the Afghan war over the border into Pakistan with its incursions, drone bombings and assassinations -- the classic response to a failure to deal with insurgency in one country. Remember the invasion of Cambodia to save Vietnam?
-- The deeply entrenched Islamic and tribal character of Pashtun rule in the Northwest Frontier Province in Pakistan will not be transformed by invasion or war. The task requires probably several generations to start to change the deeply embedded social and psychological character of the area. War induces visceral and atavistic response.
-- Pakistan is indeed now beginning to crack under the relentless pressure directly exerted by the U.S. Anti-American impulses in Pakistan are at high pitch, strengthening Islamic radicalism and forcing reluctant acquiescence to it even by non-Islamists.
Only the withdrawal of American and NATO boots on the ground will begin to allow the process of near-frantic emotions to subside within Pakistan, and for the region to start to cool down. Pakistan is experienced in governance and is well able to deal with its own Islamists and tribalists under normal circumstances; until recently, Pakistani Islamists had one of the lowest rates of electoral success in the Muslim world.
But U.S. policies have now driven local nationalism, xenophobia and Islamism to combined fever pitch. As Washington demands that Pakistan redeem failed American policies in Afghanistan, Islamabad can no longer manage its domestic crisis.
The Pakistani army is more than capable of maintaining state power against tribal militias and to defend its own nukes. Only a convulsive nationalist revolutionary spirit could change that -- something most Pakistanis do not want. But Washington can still succeed in destabilizing Pakistan if it perpetuates its present hard-line strategies. A new chapter of military rule -- not what Pakistan needs -- will be the likely result, and even then Islamabad's basic policies will not change, except at the cosmetic level.
In the end, only moderate Islamists themselves can prevail over the radicals whose main source of legitimacy comes from inciting popular resistance against the external invader. Sadly, U.S. forces and Islamist radicals are now approaching a state of co-dependency.
It would be heartening to see a solid working democracy established in Afghanistan. Or widespread female rights and education -- areas where Soviet occupation ironically did rather well. But these changes are not going to happen even within one generation, given the history of social and economic devastation of the country over 30 years.
Al-Qaida's threat no longer emanates from the caves of the borderlands, but from its symbolism that has long since metastasized to other activists of the Muslim world. Meanwhile, the Pashtuns will fight on for a major national voice in Afghanistan. But few Pashtuns on either side of the border will long maintain a radical and international jihadi perspective once the incitement of the U.S. presence is gone. Nobody on either side of the border really wants it.
What can be done must be consonant with the political culture. Let non-military and neutral international organizations, free of geopolitical taint, take over the binding of Afghan wounds and the building of state structures.
If the past eight years had shown ongoing success, perhaps an alternative case for U.S. policies could be made. But the evidence on the ground demonstrates only continued deterioration and darkening of the prognosis. Will we have more of the same? Or will there be a U.S. recognition that the American presence has now become more the problem than the solution? We do not hear that debate.
(C) 2009 GLOBAL VIEWPOINT NETWORK; (TM) TRIBUNE MEDIA SERVICES, INC.
Graham E. Fuller is a former CIA station chief in Kabul and a former vice-chair of the CIA's National Intelligence Council. He is author of numerous books on the Middle East, including The Future of Political Islam.
in commenting on Fuller's assertions
- there HAS been a critical lack of civilian development and attempts to involve non-Taliban Pashtuns in governance.
- the Taliban enjoy more popularity within the Pashtun's because the figurehead Karzai, a Popalzai Pashtun, was only elevated to the Presidency because it was a blatant attempt at appeasing the majority-by-plurality Pashtuns. He never really enjoyed popularity amongst many Pashtun sectors.
- there was a critical lack of understanding by the Bush admin about the strategic importance of painting the Taliban as usurpers who brought havoc on to the majority of Pashtuns. There was almost NO effort in coordinated psycological warfare.
- The Pakistani Army has an obsession with viewing India as meddling in Afghanistan, and also with usurping Afghanistan's sovereignty for the sake of their own 'strategic depth.' India has been very keen to not be caught providing any military aid to the new regime, and has thus far only helped in the rebuilding of hospitals, highways, and the Afghan national Airline. Afghanistan historically, as well as under Karzai, really has no particular love for India. But they do use the rivaliry between the two states to extract as many concessions as possible from both sides.
- 'Pakistan' is not necessarily a seperate entity from the Pashtuns. As Mr. Fuller states, there are more Pashtuns in Pakistan than there are in Afghanistan. Pashtuns ARE Pakistan. Aside from the Punjabis, the Pashtuns provide the second largest ethnic group that comprises the Pakistani military. The fear among the brass isn't necessarily Pashtun control over Kabul, it's a marriage between Taliban style militancy and the advocacy of an autonomous 'Pashtun-istan' that seeks secession from Pakistan.
- It was always impossible for Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and DEFINITELY Iran to persuade the Taliban, over any span of time, to do anything, much less yield Al-Qaeda operatives. The Pakistani intelligence NEVER controlled the Taliban. Neither did Prince Turki, the Saudi Intelligence Chief. Furthermore, the Taliban had a vitriolic hatred for Iran. Saudi and Pakistan tried on multiple occassions to get the Taliban to compromise with various UN bodies as well as NGOs, all to no avail. The Taliban used both of these groups to gain ammo and pick-ups - basically all of the logistics necessary to ship thousands of its fighters from Kandahar and Pakistan into the North to conquer Mazar-e-Sharif, Herat, Kabul and Panjshir. to suggest that any outside nation could have cajoled teh Taliban into betraying its guests is just not in line with reality.
- It was a genuine failure on the part of the Bushies to fail to pressure Musharraf to the extent that he would send troops into NWFP or FATA to prevent the escape from Tora Bora, Kandahar, or Jalalabad of thousands of Taliban and foreign fighters. This failure necessitated the use of drones and SOF to venture into Pakistani territory to complete their mission.
- Land and institutional development is desperately needed in order to stabilize life amongst the Pashtun tribes. In other words, 'nation building'... something that the previous administration utterly refused to engage in, and quickly made moot by descending into the debacle in Iraq.
- Finally, Pakistan is beginning to crack because its Army and intelligence aparatus made a consious decision to protect their Frankenstein in the extremist groups that they've been training in FATA for the previous three decades. Key elements of their leadership have spent their entire careers in an ideological trance and are whole-heartedly in support of these militant groups. Others simply failed to see the destructive effects that such a devilish bargain, made years ago, has had on their own nation. The American presence is BY FAR secondary to the mistakes made vis-a-vis the Taliban and various Jihadist groups now runnign amok inside Pakistan.
Presenting a one-sided view of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as always, Walt.
In other news, the moderate Abbas keeps the violence option on the table in direct contradiction of their Roadmap obligations. Meanwhile, he continues eschew negotiations until the Israelis keep theirs.
http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090804/ts_nm/us_palestinians_israel_fatah_6
Enjoy your break.
...before you'd admit israel was a mistake.
Last I checked in Gaza, Israel was also keeping the option of violence on the table...oh, wait, no no: it exercising those options and was committing war crimes:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBprtOxuEtQ
and before in Syria
and before in Lebanon
and before in Iraq.
Maybe there is a reason people in the region hate the zionists?
Thomas Friedman's article makes me think...
... not about the efforts of the Administration to push both sides in this hellish conflict into capitulations.
Rather, it makes me think about what will happen in 4 or perhaps 8 years.
The Republicans have shown that demogougery knows no bounds.
Could we be looking at the Israel Lobby finally picking just one lane to drive in?
Which party would you contribute to? One that produced the likes of Bush, who pretty much endorsed anything Israel sought fit to do - consequences be damned? Or would you, a lobby that seeks unquestioning support for Israel, support the party of "that Arab they call President?"
Strike One
On the growing influence of orthodox and ultra-Orthodox in Israel, see the sobering report by the International Crisis Group here.
As the New York Times reported last week the ultra-orthodox living in the west bank could care less where they live. They only moved to the West bank because of the cheap land and would be happy to move back if they could afford to. That report is simply wrong.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/middleeast/27settlers.html
In addition, ICG is led by Israel hater Robert Malley whose father was a close friend to Yasser Arafat. It is no surprise that Malley wrote a book that completely exonerated Arafat and blamed Israel for the break down of the peace process.
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/14380
His account was completely contradicted by Bill Clinton's account in his book "My life."
http://www.amazon.com/My-Life-Bill-Clinton/dp/0375414576
Strike Two
On how private donations to Nefesh B'Nefesh (an organization that helps people seeking to making aliyah) are helping subsidize the expansion of settlements in the West Bank -- even as President Obama tries to get Israel to halt this process -- see Mairev Zonszein's piece from The Nation here.
The article you linked to states Nefesh B'Nefesh is responsible for bringing 20,000 immigrants to Israel. Of which the author was able to prove 21 moved to settlements.
Strike 3
For the new Israeli government report that concluding that the IDF did not commit war crimes in the Gaza war, see here. But because most organizations are not very good at evaluating or judging their own conduct (for reasons that Aaron Wildavsky laid out a long time ago), I'd wait until the UN commission chaired by South African jurist Richard Goldstone issues its report before drawing a firm conclusion.
I can see how you would think Israel investigating itself would release a biased report. But, to say that Richard Goldstone would provide an unbiased report is laughable. The investigation is sponsored by the UN Human Rights Council whose resolutions are condemnations of Israel 99% of time.
1. A few weeks before he was appointed to investigate, he signed a petition regarding "war crimes in Gaza".
2. In his first day in Gaza, he said that he was "doing this for the victims."
In other words he had already prejudged Israeli guilt.
3. We all know that the only evidence he will hear will be that directly dictated by Hamas as he is led around by the nose to "witnesses" by his Hamas handlers. Is anyone going to admit being used as human shield by Hamas when they know Hamas will kill them if they do?
Here he is being led around by his Hamas handler Ghazi Hamad.
http://www.daylife.com/photo/04J3057dadgjZ?q=israel
A man who said in 2006 "Israel should be wiped from the face of the Earth. It is an animal state that recognizes no human worth. It is a cancer that should be eradicated."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6127250.stm
The Wall Street Journal's recent report on an interview with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal is a must-read, though it hardly marks a breakthrough and is (as one would expect) susceptible to multiple interpretations. Although it doesn’t meet the conditions the U.S. has established as requisite for direct negotiations, it sounds to me like there’s some flexibility there worth exploring back-channel."
So let me get this straight. You think Hamas who has never ceased calling for the total destruction of Israel is flexible, but Israel is not flexible on settlements when it has removed tens of thousands of settlers from Gaza and the Sinai? Aren’t you embarrassed a colleague might read this absurdity?
You think these religious fanatics are flexible?
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4752349n
don't agree w/ him on all issues but nails the settlers:
http://swampland.blogs.time.com/2009/07/20/israels-rejectionist-front/
Israel's Rejectionist Front
Posted by Joe Klein Monday, July 20, 2009 at 10:59 am
Benjamin Netanyahu's phony flexibility on a two-state solution was always transparent--and it's now becoming apparent that Israel is the prime impediment to progress in the Middle East.
Over the weekend, the State Department asked Israel's Ambassador Michael Oren to convey U.S. displeasure over continued Israeli settlement expansion in Jerusalem, which Netanyahu rejected out of hand. It also seems clear--according to U.S., Syrian and Israeli sources I've spoken with in the past week--that Israel is slow-walking peace talks with Syria (mostly because it doesn't want to give back the Golan Heights).
The notion that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel seems to me right and fair. But it is also the capital of Palestine. The Likudnik notion that Israel has the exclusive rights to a united Jerusalem seems as foolish as the Palestinian notion that those who were displaced in 1948 still have a right to return to their old properties in Israel.
George Mitchell is returning to the region next week. There is progress--and the promise of real breakthroughs--in several aspects of the peace process: Hamas seems willing to play, the Syrians are far more cooperative, the other Arabs might be cajoled into taking steps toward the recognition of Israel, Iran's influence in the area has diminished markedly. But not only is the Israeli government being uncooperative, it's actually becoming more intractable.
No one is saying that Israel should capitulate. And certainly, the Palestinians need to get their act together, complete their internal negotiations healing the Fatah-Hamas rift. But the peace deal remains what it always was: a return to 1967 borders, more or less; Arab recognition of the Jewish state; a real Palestinian state, with sovereign rights; no right of return for Palestinians; Jerusalem as the capital of both Israel and Palestine--with international supervision of the religious sites. It is a longshot, as always. But the Obama Administration--unlike almost any other in recent history--is intent on keeping up the pressure, working hard for a settlement. It's time for Netanyahu--who recently called David Axelrod and Rahm Emanuel "self-hating Jews"--to recognize that the Bush neoconservative-evangelical alliance is gone. It's time for him to adjust to the new diplomatic reality.
1. A few weeks before he was appointed to investigate, he signed a petition regarding "war crimes in Gaza".
Dave, do you have evidence for this and the a link to the text of the petition? It is rather unusual for a person calling for an investigation to then be chosen to head it. Clearly that would inject some bias into the proceedings.
I searched, but was only able to find mention of it, not the text of the petition or anything more than second-hand evidence that he did sign it. Unlike the tenured Harvard professor who authors this blog, I feel uncomfortable relying on second hand sources ;-).
I did find better evidence that one of the other 4 people on Goldstone's commission had pre-judged the outcome of the investigation:
Chinkin has already come under Zionist lobby fire, it accusing her of “bias” for signing a petition in January this year that Israel had committed war crimes. What the lobby has conveniently forgotten to mention is that the petition Chinkin signed included Hamas too, for not ceasing its Al-Qassem rocket attacks.
Obviously this doesn't exonerate her from the charge of bias. Hamas was firing rockets, there is no judgement required there. Whether Israel has committed war crimes or not is a judgement call, and it looks as if Chinkin already had an opinion before the investigation started.
http://www.factjo.com/factjo_en/fullNews.aspx?id=2327
IAEA official on the fiction of an Iranian bomb
VIENNA (Reuters Fri Jul 3, 2009 ) - The incoming head of the U.N. nuclear watchdog said on Friday he did not see any hard evidence Iran was trying to gain the ability to develop nuclear arms.
"I don't see any evidence in IAEA official documents about this," Yukiya Amano told Reuters in his first direct comment on Iran's atomic program since his election, when asked whether he believed Tehran was seeking nuclear weapons capability.
http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL312024420090703
US taxpayers give 13.6 million $ to Israel EVERY DAY.
US taxpayers give 13.6 million $ to Israel EVERY DAY.
Buenos frickin' dias.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIrmrdGIFtI&feature=related
She writes in the abstract: "...an intervener's willingness to secure an agreement using force. When a highly biased power intervenes in a crisis, a peaceful settlement is likely because warring parties are certain the third party will enforce an agreement by military means".
When you re-read it, ask yourself if you really want the US to militarily intervene which, I presume, means invade Israel, blockade it, or even intern tens of thousands of US Jews maybe. Gee, you sound like a right-wing fanatical nut.
Yes, may be easier to simply cut of all funding for Israel.
Why don't US Jews live in the US?
Are they more loyal to US or to Israel?
It is fine if they want to move to Israel, but they should give up their US passports.
http://www.hrw.org/en/features/rain-fire-white-phosphorus-gaza
Bolton wants Israel to disarm!!!!!!!!!!!!
http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/2411/j-bolt-wants-israel-to-disarm
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=7942
"the Palestinian Arabs have benefited more from Israel than any other people," (if you leave out the Nakba, the Gaza War, and the confiscation of thousands of acres of land, of course)"
Something to add that is often not thought of in this case are cost of cars. Do you think Israeli tanks miss the cars and walls of the Palestinian homes every time they roll their tanks to the center of a city? What about the olive tree and other crops ripped from the ground in a "security zone"? Do you know how many years it takes to cultivate an olive grove to produce? What about the funds of refugees from the 1967 war, that was left in banks and not returned. There was no PA to claim them, so where did they go? Then of course there are the taxes that the Israelis collect, which a portion goes to pay for the structures of the Occupation.
Lastly, in the Video "From Occupation to Enclosure" Amira Hass and Diana Buttu of the PA highlight one of the least thought of things. Time. You should have taken the drive from Ramallah to the Rafah during the "peace process". It was well over 2 hours with the check points, and that is for Palestinians carrying American passports. I wonder what it is like for those without the American identities.
Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University.
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