Posted By Stephen M. Walt Share

Hu Jintao is simultaneously President of China, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and chairman of China's Central Military Commission. Last year Newsweek labeled him the "second most powerful man in the world," and he has undoubtedly watched the events of the past few years with keen interest and no small amount of satisfaction. Here's what I imagine he's thinking these days...

"We are realists here in the People's Republic, and in a sense we have been for centuries. Even during the most radical phases of our history -- such as the Great Leap Forward or the Cultural Revolution -- our foreign policy was prudent and keenly attuned to the balance of power.
 
The United States has had the world's largest economy for more than a century, and despite some self-inflicted wounds, it is still the world's most powerful country. We recognize this fact, and our current strategy of "peaceful rise" reflects what we have learned by studying the U.S. experience. America became a great world power by remaining aloof from the quarrels of the other major powers and letting them destroy each other in ruinous wars, while it built its own economic strength and gradually established itself as the dominant power in its own region. When it did fight wars, it picked weak and easily defeated opponents or it waited until the last minute to get involved in wars with other great powers. The United States was the last major power to enter both World War I and World War II, and it made sure that other states bore the heaviest burdens during the fighting. As a result, both wars ended with the United States in the strongest position.
 
Our strategy of "peaceful rise" reflects a similar set of calculations. We want to stay out of pointless quarrels with others and avoid costly military commitments, at least until our economic strength equals that of America.  For this reason, we are happy to let the United States take the lead in troubled regions like the Middle East or Central Asia. Why shouldn't we want them to squander their strength trying to fix intractable global problems, while we retain good relations with all parties? It just makes sense.

I do miss President George W. Bush, of course. We had good relations with the United States while he was president, and he even came to visit us during our Olympics. I probably should have thanked him personally for all the foolish things he did, like letting Bin Laden and the Taliban slip through his fingers in Afghanistan and then invading Iraq in 2003.  He did cultivate closer ties with India and that development didn't make me happy, but on the whole, his threats and bluster frightened many U.S. allies and made U.S. relations with states like Iran even worse than they were before. Needless to say, these policies created valuable opportunities for China, and we've been quick to take advantage of them. While America was distracted and wasting hundreds of billions occupying hostile countries -- we were establishing profitable commercial ties in the oil-rich Persian Gulf and quietly expanding our influence in our own Asian backyard.
 
President Bush also helped us by presiding over scandals such as Abu Ghraib, Hurricane Katrina, and the treatment of terrorist suspects at Guantanamo. To be frank, I never understood why some Americans are so obsessed with protecting "rights." In fact, I was pleased to discover that former Vice President Cheney agrees with me; he understands how a strong executive deals with potential troublemakers! I sometimes think he'd make a good Vice President here. 

Anyway, the good news for us is that these events made the United States look both incompetent and hypocritical and made it harder for Washington to criticize my own domestic policies. I owe former president Bush a real debt of gratitude; I should probably call him and say thanks.
 
I confess that I wanted John McCain to win the 2008 election, because I thought he would keep America on the same failed course. And having someone like Governor Palin as Vice President was almost too much to hope for. So naturally I was worried when Barack Obama got elected; he seemed smart and level-headed and is obviously a gifted politician. He's much more charismatic than Bush and to be frank, he's a lot more charismatic than I am. So I asked myself: Would he be able reverse America's recent missteps and restore its international reputation? And at first, it seemed like he might do just that.

But now I'm not so concerned. President Obama may have good instincts and intentions, but his aides don't seem to be giving him very good advice. He is going to get most U.S. troops out of Iraq (a smart move for him, but not so good for me) but he's getting a lot of pressure to put more troops and money into Afghanistan. I hope he does, because that will leave the United States with fewer resources to devote to containing China.  Moreover, President Obama doesn't seem to be making any headway with Iran or the Middle East peace process, and failure there will make that big speech in Cairo look rather silly. Obama also wants China and India and other developing countries to make big concessions on greenhouse gas emissions, but he's having trouble getting his own Congress to adopt a serious program and I doubt we'll face much genuine pressure at the upcoming summit in Copenhagen. That's a relief.
 
And I can't help smiling to myself whenever I think about America's domestic political system. Americans like to lecture China about the importance of "free speech" and other quaint Western concepts, but at least I don't have to deal with madmen spouting nonsense on television and radio and special interest groups making it impossible to enact reforms that the nation as a whole badly needs. I may have some minor problems in Xinjiang, but I hear states like California are rapidly becoming ungovernable and that the universities we used to envy are losing their edge. I even hear that Harvard isn't so rich anymore. This makes me smile too, because a well-educated population is the key to future power and a society that is content to be ignorant cannot remain a world power for long.

Meanwhile, my economy is beginning to grow rapidly again, while the United States piles up debt and lots of people there are looking for work. I do like that nice young Treasury Secretary; he understands that he needs my help to keep the world economy afloat and he isn't going to try to browbeat us very much.  The silly new tariff on imported tires is annoying and we will of course issue a loud protest, but even that reactionary magazine The Economist said it was "bad politics, bad economics, bad diplomacy, and hurts America."

So from where I sit, the view looks pretty good. America likes to say that it is the "leader of the free world" and I'm happy to let them have that title -- for now -- provided they stay focused on other issues and let China's peaceful rise continue. The more "global leadership" they insist upon taking, the more resources they will expend, the faster they will decline, and the sooner we will be in a position to supplant them.

I do have one lingering concern, however. America's leaders may come to their senses, and go back to the unsentimental realism that guided their rise to greatness in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They might discover what Sun Tzu taught -- "There is no instance of a nation benefitting from prolonged warfare" -- and stop insisting on bearing all the world's burdens themselves. But then I remember what their foreign policy "debate" is like, and I recall that both Democrats and Republicans seem equally eager to interfere all over the world, and suddenly that danger doesn't seem very great. In fact, the future looks bright."

MAYELA LOPEZ/AFP/Getty Images

 

GRANT

2:59 PM ET

September 22, 2009

That suggests that the man is

That suggests that the man is ignoring the incredible ecological damage done to China, spreading ruin among China's peasantry, the increasing tensions between Tibetans, Uighur's and Han, and the spread of militant Islam in Central Asia.

 

ZJIN

3:15 PM ET

September 22, 2009

Overestimate China's power

Overestimate China's power and underestimate US's power IMO. Also, Hu has lots of things to keep him awake during the night, espeically the internal issues. My top guess would be the sustainability of the economic growth (means we need more consumption, more innovation, less investment, less government, and more income equity).

Though, I do not think that the minority issue is a big deal. We can crush them at anytime and have the popular support to do that. Actually, majority of the population blame the Beijing to be too soft on that issue. It is not like fignting a distant war: the cost is acceptable and migration is an effective weapon in the long run.

US is now in a relative weak position. But IMO, China really did not profit from the situation. What China had gained described by Walt in this essay are really temporary, something built on the sand. From my point of view, this recession could not gurantee China come out stronger than before.

 

NORWEGIAN SHOOTER

4:00 PM ET

September 22, 2009

Corrections for Hu's mind:

(Who's mind? That's right)

1. America remained aloof, not through any strategy, but lack of capacity and two big oceans.
2. You forgot to mention your inroads to resource-rich Africa.
3. Obama's problem is not his aides giving bad advice, it's the institutional constraints placed on any President, no matter how smart or charismatic. (note to Walt's mind: more on this please)
4. Do you really think that America could "contain" your country? Just how would they do that? I'm sure some American politicians would like to know.
5. You seem to think your "peaceful rise" is a conceit, that you have expansionist/military/imperial/colonial designs for the future. Just what are you thinking?

 

GRANT

4:46 PM ET

September 22, 2009

For the first I'd like to

For the first I'd like to mention that the U.S also had a policy of staying out of foreign politics in general as much as it could. The reason that it worked is that it was too costly and politically dangerous for any other nation to go to war over it.

For the second, it's true that China has influence with the African leaders because of that, but China is also learning the dangers of the outside world. In Nigeria when workers are taken hostage you can expect them to be Chinese.
On three, can't argue with you there.

For four, the U.S would have to wait until China did something really stupid like impose an unpopular policy on Vietnam, then hasten to raise fears of Chinese imperialism as opposed to a 'reformed and penitent' U.S.

On the last I don't think that China intends to do that, but obviously the Chinese want China to be the foremost power in the world.

 

BRETT

8:14 PM ET

September 22, 2009

For the first I'd like to

For the first I'd like to mention that the U.S also had a policy of staying out of foreign politics in general as much as it could. The reason that it worked is that it was too costly and politically dangerous for any other nation to go to war over it.

Sort of. They tended to try to stay out of internal European spats, but there was significant debate in the US over whether the US should actively support France after the 1789 Revolution, active negotiations with European powers over land in the Americas, and heavy debate over American expansion and the risks therein (whether or not to annex Cuba was actually a big issue in the 19th century).

And of course, that didn't apply to New World politics, where they meddled to their heart's content.

 

BRETT

8:15 PM ET

September 22, 2009

I do have one lingering

I do have one lingering concern, however. America's leaders may come to their senses, and go back to the unsentimental realism that guided their rise to greatness in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

That's more a myth than reality. One of the things you notice about foreign policy and America in the 19th century (a good book on this is From Colony to Superpower) is that it was

A)nakedly partisan (remember the differences between the Federalists and Democratic Republicans over assisting France, the 1812 War, the dispute over the Mexican-American War between the Whigs and Democrats, and so forth?),

B)heavily ideological (read some of the rhetoric from that period whenever the US got into a conflict, like the Mexican-American War and Manifest Destiny), and

C)highly aggressive (particularly towards native Americans). The early Presidents - particularly Jefferson - took some major foreign policy risks in order to get additional land, which easily could have backfired on them. They got away with it largely because of distance.

Americans could wheel and deal with the Europeans, but we certainly weren't sentiment-less about it - in fact, we tended to load it with lots of rhetoric.

Why shouldn't we want them to squander their strength trying to fix intractable global problems, while we retain good relations with all parties? It just makes sense.

They've definitely been doing this in Africa - giving out "aid" with no restrictions (which conveniently then gets turned around to buy Japanese products) in exchange for market access is pretty much their calling card there. They've also been doing some of that in Latin America, although a lot of that is due to the fact that Latin America's main exports continue to be raw materials of all sorts, and the Chinese need those for their factories.

 

APARICIO

1:27 AM ET

September 23, 2009

Kagan´s is a better option

Kagan´s book, Dangerous Nation, is a better option to exemplify what you are sugestting, I think.

 

APARICIO

1:25 AM ET

September 23, 2009

Back in the day they were not so pragmatic as Hu thinks

The factionalism in American domestic politics was the same at the beggining of xix century as it is today. Just remenber the "populist movement" against the gold standard. Wilson being elected as a proggresive heroe. The Conservative foreign policy stablishment turning his back on Wilson and his League of Nations, also Smoot-Hawley, and debt pressure against former allies that caused more pressure against Germany under the draconian Treaty Versalles.
Aloofness was more unavoidable consquence of history and geography than a rational choice.

 

PRASHANT PREMKUMAR

2:12 AM ET

September 23, 2009

All true, except...

...you fail to recognize that China, along with Europe and Japan, are the suckers holding a large bag of US denominated debt. Savers in those countries helped finance all those wars you talked about, and finance our giant debt balloon that is currently unwinding - so arguing that America is squandering away its wealth on wars, etc doesn't capture the hit that China, Europe and Japan have to bear from America's stealth bankruptcy.

America is headed towards a German-style hyperinflation scenario, and suggesting that Bernanke et al can 'manage' the dollar's collapse to avoid getting there is a huge bet that I dont think the Obama voter signed up for. However, if Bernanke is successful in avoiding hyperinflation, then that means that more Chinese savings will be risked by Hu Jintao in US treasuries(ie throwing good money after bad), and that the Chinese bag of toxic waste just got bigger for an explosion at a later date.

So far, China has continued to buy treasuries, not a very smart decision by Hu Jintao in my view.

 

JAY GETTY

3:52 AM ET

September 23, 2009

Thats because your stupid.

The USA dollar is, and will remain, the world currency!

 

JAY GETTY

3:55 AM ET

September 23, 2009

The Dollar will remain the world’s currency for one reason:

The USA dollar is, and will remain, the world currency because it is the only currency that everyone has confidence in. If the Dollar fails, it is back to 1916 and no trade between countries except by gold or direct barter: your oil for my corn; no other country trust any other countries currency as far as they can through it and that is especially true of Hu. Lets see, you want to trust the “Yawn” or the “rubble” with your long term or even short term money; you can not make me laugh!

 

OCHIENG100

11:56 AM ET

September 23, 2009

lol... more than the eye can

lol... more than the eye can see for an Autarky state.
Hu has strategy crisis, this storm affect all powers and the sooner he realises the need to backpeddle the better.
He can afford personal achievement but china has not been consolidated for supremacy.

 

JOHNBRAGG

12:13 PM ET

September 23, 2009

There is talk of a "currency basket"

One possibility for those highly motivated to replace the dollar as a world currency is a basketing strategy--creating a notional currency whose value is set by the prices of various things. Off the top of my head with some assistance from a currency converter.

The value of one "Soros" is defined as the total value of one US dollar, one euro, 30 rubles, 7 renminbi, 100 yen, 50 rupees (Indian), one dollar Canadian, one British pound, one gram of gold, one barrel of oil. It could be divided indefinitely, as it only exists electronically.

Someone would have to hold large reserves of all of these commodities and serve as an international banker.

 

APARICIO

12:28 PM ET

September 23, 2009

In any case...

Great article.

 

ZACHARY KECK

9:20 PM ET

September 23, 2009

I tried last semester to

I tried last semester to convince a professor of mine to let me write a paper on this instead of an assigned topic. I think its a great subject that should be explored further. I also think it gives credibility to Waltz's theory.

 

RICHARD01

7:43 AM ET

September 25, 2009

Inscrutable?

I don't think so. Here is the New China making quiet mockery of all the US's blustering about 'Freedom, Democracy, etc'

It made me smile a bit, which is more than any other news this week.

 

Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University.

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