Posted By Stephen M. Walt Share

Last week a colleague who has been facing repeated and unfair attacks in the media and the blogosphere (for making arguments that cut against the conventional wisdom) sent around an email asking a number of friends and associates (including me) for advice on how to deal with the attacks. Having been smeared in similar fashion myself, I circulated a list of the lessons I learned from my own experience with "grabbing the third rail." A few of the recipients thought the list was helpful, so I decided to revise it and post it here. If any readers are contemplating tackling a controversial subject -- and I hope some of you will -- you'll need to be ready should opponents decide not to address your arguments in a rational fashion, but to attack your character, misrepresent your position, and impugn your motives instead. If they take the low road, here are ten guidelines for dealing with it. (The advice itself is politically neutral: it applies regardless of the issue in question and no matter which side you're on.)

1. Think Through Your "Media Strategy" before You Go Public. If you are an academic taking on a "third rail" issue for the first time, you are likely to face a level of public and media scrutiny that you have never experienced before. It is therefore a good idea to think through your basic approach to the media before the firestorm hits. Are you willing to go on TV or radio to defend your views? Are there media outlets that you hope to cultivate, as well as some you should avoid?

Are you open to public debate on the issue, and if so, with whom? Do you plan a "full-court" media blitz to advance your position (an article, a book, a lecture tour, a set of op-eds, etc.), or do you intend to confine yourself to purely academic outlets and let the pundits take it from there? There is no right answer to these questions, of course, and how you answer them depends in good part on your own proclivities and those of your opponents. But planning ahead will leave you better prepared when the phone starts ringing off the hook and there's a reporter -- or even someone like Bill O'Reilly or Jon Stewart -- on the other end. Don't be afraid to listen to professional advice here (such as the media office at your university or research organization), especially if it's your first time in the shark tank. It's also a good idea to let your superiors know what's coming; deans, center directors, and college presidents don't like surprises.

2. You Have Less Control Than You Think. Although it helps to have thought about your strategy beforehand, there will always be surprises and you will have to think on your feet and improvise wisely. Sometimes real-world events will vindicate your position and enhance your credibility (as the 2006 Lebanon War did for my co-author and myself), but at other times you may have to explain why events aren't conforming to your position. A vicious attack may arrive from an unexpected source and leave you reeling, or you may get an unsolicited endorsement that validates your views. Bottom line: life is full of surprises, so be ready to roll with the punches and seize the opportunities.

3. Never Get Mad. Let your critics throw the mud, but you should always stick to the facts, especially when they are on your side. In my own case, many of the people who attacked me and my co-author proved to be unwitting allies, because they lost their cool in public or in print, made wild charges and ad hominem arguments, and generally acted in a transparently mean-spirited manner. It always works to your advantage when opponents act in an uncivil fashion, because it causes almost everyone else to swing your way.

Of course, it can be infuriating when critics misrepresent your work, and nobody likes to have malicious falsehoods broadcast about them. But the fact that someone is making false charges against you does not mean that others are persuaded by the malicious rhetoric. Most people are quite adept at separating facts from lies, and that is especially true when the charges are over-the-top. In short, the more ludicrous the charges, the more critics undermine their own case. So stick to the high ground; the view is nicer up there.

4. Don't Respond to Every Single Attack. A well-organized smear campaign will try to bury you in an avalanche flurry of bogus charges, many of which are simply not worth answering. It is easier for opponents to dream up false charges than it is for you to refute each one, and you will exhaust yourself rebutting every critical word directed at you. So focus mainly on answering the more intelligent criticisms while ignoring the more outrageous ones, which you should treat with the contempt they deserve. Finally, make sure every one of your answers is measured and filled with the relevant facts. Do not engage in ad hominem attacks of any sort, no matter how tempting it may be to hit back.

5. Explain to Your Audience What Is Going On. When refuting bogus charges, make it clear to readers or viewers why your opponents are attacking you in underhanded ways. When you are the object of a politically motivated smear campaign, others need to understand that your critics are not objective referees offering disinterested commentary. Be sure to raise the obvious question: why are your opponents using smear tactics like guilt-by-association and name-calling to shut down genuine debate or discredit your views? Why are they unwilling to engage in a calm and rational exchange of ideas? Let others know that it is probably because your critics are aware that you have valid points to make and that many people will find your views persuasive if they get a chance to judge them for themselves.

6. The More Compelling Your Arguments Are, The Nastier the Attacks Will Be. If critics can refute your evidence or your logic, then that's what they will do and it will be very effective. However, if you have made a powerful case and there aren't any obvious weaknesses in it, your adversaries are likely to misrepresent what you have said and throw lots of mud at you. What else are they going to do when the evidence is against them?

This kind of behavior contrasts sharply with what one is accustomed to in academia, where well-crafted arguments are usually treated with respect, even by those who disagree with them. In the academic world, the better your arguments are, the more likely it is that critics will deal with them fairly. But if you are in a very public spat about a controversial issue like gay marriage or abortion or gun control, a solid and well-documented argument will probably attract more scurrilous attacks than a flimsy argument that is easily refuted. So be prepared.

7. You Need Allies. Anyone engaged on a controversial issue needs allies on both the professional and personal fronts. When the smearing starts, it is of enormous value to have friends and associates publicly stand up and defend you and your work. At the same time, support from colleagues, friends, and family is critical to maintaining one's morale. Facing a seemingly endless barrage of personal attacks as well as hostile and unfair criticisms of one's work can be exhausting and dispiriting, which is why you need others to stand behind you when the going gets tough. That does not mean you just want mindless cheerleaders, of course; sometimes allies help us the most when they warn us we are heading off course.

One more thing: if you're taking on a powerful set of opponents, don't be surprised or disappointed when people tell you privately that they agree with you and admire what you are doing, but never say so publicly. Be realistic; even basically good people are reluctant to take on powerful individuals or institutions, especially when they might pay a price for doing so.

8. Be Willing to Admit When You're Wrong, But Don't Adopt a Defensive Crouch. Nobody writing on a controversial and contested subject is infallible, and you're bound to make a mistake or two along the way. There's no harm in admitting to errors when they occur; indeed, harm is done when you make a mistake and then try to deny it. More generally, however, it makes good sense to make your case assertively and not shy away from engaging your critics. In short, the best defense is a smart offense, even when you are acknowledging errors or offering a correction. For illustrations of how my co-author and I tried to do this, see here, here, and here.

9. Challenging Orthodoxy Is a Form of "Asymmetric Conflict": You Win By "Not Losing." When someone challenges a taboo or takes on some well-entrenched conventional wisdom, his or her opponents invariably have the upper hand at first. They will seek to silence or discredit you as quickly as they can, so that your perspective, which they obviously won't like, does not gain any traction with the public. But this means that as long as you remain part of the debate, you're winning. Minds don't change overnight, and it is difficult to know how well an intellectual campaign is going at any particular point in time. So get ready for an emotional roller coaster -- some days you might think you're winning big, while other days the deck will appear to be stacked against you. But the real question is: are you still in the game?

The good news is that if you have facts and logic on your side, your position is almost certain to improve over time. It is also worth noting that a protracted debate allows you to refine your own arguments and figure out better ways to refute your opponents' claims. In brief, think of yourself as being engaged in a "long war," and keep striving.

10. Don't Forget to Feel Good about Yourself and the Enterprise in Which You Are Engaged. Waging a battle in which you are being unfairly attacked is hard work, and you will sometimes feels like Sisyphus rolling the proverbial stone endlessly uphill. But it can also be tremendously gratifying. You'll wage the struggle more effectively if you find ways to keep your spirits up, and if you never lose sight of the worthiness of your cause. Keeping your sense of humor intact helps too; because some of the attacks you will face are bound to be pretty comical. So while you're out there slaying your chosen dragon, make sure you have some fun too.

NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images

 

ANON_ANON

4:19 PM ET

February 22, 2010

Nice piece, if as usual,

perhaps a bit long for the blogosphere?

A few thoughts:

Point #3: In essence, “Always remember, others may hate you- but those who hate you don't win unless you hate them, and then you destroy yourself”?

Point #6: Define terms. How often is usually? “This kind of behavior contrasts sharply with what one is accustomed to in academia, where well-crafted arguments are usually treated with respect, even by those who disagree with them.”

Point #7: How much have you suffered, actually, from publication of the Israel Lobby? The Navy, for one, has not apparently blackballed you. Aside from (to you) ill-founded criticism, which you seem capable of taking, have there been any negative repercussions from touching the (a) third rail?

 

ZATHRAS

4:48 PM ET

February 22, 2010

Watch Those Allies

This seems like generally good advice to me, though more useful to tenured academics than to people facing deadlines -- like elections -- by which they must persuade particular audiences that they are right.

The major doubt I have about Dr. Walt's advice concerns point number 7. Allies are surely necessary to someone attempting to advance an especially unpopular point of view. They can also be as much a burden as a help. It doesn't do much good to complain about "guilt by association" if one appears oblivious to those cheering one on for all the wrong reasons.

This happens in politics all the time. It was a real stretch, for example, for anyone to think of Barry Goldwater as a racist or of George McGovern as an advocate of Communist victory in Vietnam and other Third World conflicts. Yet Goldwater's eloquently-expressed resistance to the expansion of federal power over the states was undoubtedly congenial to the country's most dedicated racists during the mid-'60s, and McGovern's heartfelt denunciations of American foreign policy were cited frequently by the Communists that foreign policy opposed a few years later.

Was this fair? Does that matter? Discussions about policy are ultimately about consequences, not abstract truth. The case Walt and Mearscheimer made with respect to Israel and American politics has plainly suffered not only because "the lobby" and its sympathizers have attacked them, but also because some of their loudest defenders are plain anti-Semites (and, mostly overseas, sympathizers of Arab terrorism against Israel).

It would certainly be fair for Walt to claim that many of his critics use that fact to discredit his argument without addressing it on its own terms, which he has often done. Goldwater and McGovern could have made the same complaint, with as much justice and to as little effect. Not all allies are good allies, and if you want to promote an argument you know will be controversial you'd better be clear -- in public and if need be repeatedly -- that you understand that.

 

ANON_ANON

5:16 PM ET

February 22, 2010

Ironic, I think

that after coming out in favor of policy relevance - and I really don't mean this as mean-spirited - you (Professor Walt) write blog posts that, I imagine, would be too long for the policy world.

 

JANBEKSTER

5:43 PM ET

February 22, 2010

highly unlikely

Though one is not likely to be a postion whereby such an advice would be needed; I mean after all, this is meant for public figures or people whom have something serious to say about something, yet, one finds this piece a rather worthy advise.
khairi janbek.paris/france

 

CASTELLIO

7:51 PM ET

February 22, 2010

worthwhile, not too long

I found it worthwhile, and not too long. I wonder, though, if he could just give a nod of the head to those who lose jobs for touching controversial subjects for reasons of conscience.

 

TESS

8:22 PM ET

February 22, 2010

responding and anger.....

I agree with these greatly. I have stopped reading several blogs where I agree with the arguments of the writer, but the person's tone was too overwhelming. After a while, it is like watching the airing of dirty laundry out the window. No matter how much you like the neighbor, eventually, you're going to close the and shutter that window over looking their mess.

 

DAVID IN DC

9:42 PM ET

February 22, 2010

Point 8, be willing to admit when you are wrong

In one of the examples he gives, a response paper coauthored by W&M, he says this:

"Jews as Pivotal Voters
Lieberman attempts to challenge our argument that Jews
can be pivotal voters in presidential elections—a situation
that encourages candidates for the White House to enthusiastically
endorse the special relationship—but he ends up
agreeing with us..."

Walt always tells us that he is NOT talking about Jews in general when he is talking about "the Lobby". Here he appears to contradict this crucial point. (Crucial, in that the definition of "the Lobby" is central to all of W&M's work on this subject). Which is it, Walt?
-----------------------
I also have to say that I don't see Walt admit he is wrong too often, especially when he is prints something obviously wrong on this blog. This paper doesn't seem like a very good example of it either. I.e. (starting at the abstract and including the first paragraph of the paper):

"Robert Lieberman’s critique of our work on the Israel lobby is at odds with an abundance of evidence and prior scholarship describing
the powerful influence that pro-Israel groups exert on U.S.Middle East policy. In addition to mischaracterizing our arguments,
Lieberman claims that our methodology and research design are flawed and that our work contradicts the scholarly literature on
American politics.Neither claim is true. Contrary to what he says, we did consider alternative hypotheses, and our analysis contains
significant variation on both the independent and dependent variables. Given the methodological challenges involved in assessing
the causal influence of any interest group, we also relied heavily on “process-tracing.” Lieberman recognizes this is an appropriate
method for assessing causal impact and he concedes that this evidence supports our central argument.Moreover, we went to some
lengths to avoid selection bias. Similarly, our arguments are consistent with the existing literature on interest groups, and with much
of the scholarly literature on congressional decision-making, campaign financing, electoral politics, and the role of think tanks and
the media. Surprisingly, after leveling a variety of false charges, Lieberman offers an “alternative” explanation for the Israel lobby’s
influence that is virtually identical to our own.
It is hard to know what to make of Robert Lieberman’s
essay. Not only does it contain numerous unsupported
charges and internal contradictions, it is at odds with a
wealth of evidence and prior scholarship describing the
powerful influence that various pro-Israel groups exert in
Washington."

Or, better yet...

"In fact, Lieberman’s critique is more of a dust-kicking
operation than a serious assessment of our work.His strategy
is to raise countless objections, in the hope that the sheer
volume of accusations will convince readers that our arguments
should not be taken seriously.4 This approach leads
him to misrepresent what we wrote, and to ignore or denigrate
the extensive evidencewe compiled about the lobby’s
influence.Accordingly, almost every page of his article contains
some new condemnation: not only are we supposedly guilty of “selection bias,” “lapses of logic,” “conceptual confusion,”
“lack of variation,” and “impossibly vague” arguments,
but our case studies are dismissed as only “slightly
more extensive” than “anecdotes” and our causal claims are
said to be “often illogical” and “almost never supported by
dispositive evidence.”5 On top of that, we are said to lack
“even a rudimentary understanding of how the American
policymaking system works.”6 If we really committed all
these scholarly sins, and others that we have not mentioned,
we might be tempted to look for another line of
work. Fortunately, his complaints are groundless."

A "dust-kicking operation"?

 

DAVID IN DC

12:23 AM ET

February 23, 2010

I prefer to focus on substantive issues

Sin Nombre, my post cited Walt's inconsistent definitions for his "Lobby". A perfectly legitimate and substantive criticism.

Perhaps I am reading it wrong, but from that you seem to be insinuating that I am calling Walt an anti-Semite. It is ironic that someone brought the following blog posts to my attention just the other day:

Jewish Fact Check #6: Who's really using the term "anti-Semite"?
http://thefingerman.blogspot.com/2010/02/jewish-fact-check-6-whos-really-using.html

Jewish Fact Check #7: Where Joe Klein proves my point from Jewish Fact Check #6
http://thefingerman.blogspot.com/2010/02/jewish-fact-check-7-where-joe-klein.html

As for who is claiming to represent {insert geographic area here} Jewry, most of the groups do, from the left to the right. I personally haven't felt the need to rebut any of them. I do notice that the groups themselves or those with a strong affinity for them seem to argue with each other about it, for obvious reasons.

Sin Nombre: "Or is it that so long as the generalization is used to aid Israel it's okay, but conveniently anti-semitic for anyone else to ever slip up and use it otherwise?"

Defining "the Lobby" as W&M did was obviously not a "slip" and, to reiterate, you are the one here who appears to be making unfair accusations involving charges of anti-Semitism. I tend to avoid these types of discussions when they break out and prefer to focus on substantive issues.

 

...

5:47 AM ET

February 23, 2010

it is not a slip to make the

it is not a slip to make the observation that when the heat is on, the 'anti-semite' label gets dragged out to turn it down... it has happened so often it is like rule one in the hasbara book when the hasbara folks want to shut a conversation down.... most will take a pass of your dust kicking op...

 

DAVID IN DC

11:44 AM ET

February 23, 2010

Sin Nombre: read Walt above

Sin Nombre, so now I am precious and throwing sand rather than accusations of anti-Semitism? :-) Didn't you read Walt's essay above?[1]

Of course there is an Israel lobby. And of course Walt's definition of it is inconsistent. It appears to morph, getting smaller and larger, more and less inclusive, depending on the influence he is trying to ascribe to it and/or the criticism he is trying to address. I think you would agree with this general statement: Before discussing a lobby and for what is or is not responsible, one must define it first.

What you say is a red herring. True statements, but not contradicting my point.
--------------------------
[1] 6. The More Compelling Your Arguments Are, The Nastier the Attacks Will Be If critics can refute your evidence or your logic, then that's what they will do and it will be very effective. However, if you have made a powerful case and there aren't any obvious weaknesses in it, your adversaries are likely to misrepresent what you have said and throw lots of mud at you.

 

KASSANDRA

12:27 PM ET

February 23, 2010

The assymetrical advantage of bullshit

A comment at Glen Greenwald had a perfect description of DCDavid here:
The assymetrical advantage of bullshit -- Something completely false is written which forces everyone else to spend too much time refuting the ridiculous talking points raised. Something also that Prof. Walt is forced to do to answer his critics. The assymetrical advantage of bullshit.

 

...

1:57 AM ET

February 24, 2010

bingo!

no law against those who like to kick up dirt though.. david acts like a kid in a sandbox here at walts...

 

DAVID IN DC

12:59 PM ET

February 24, 2010

Release the hounds!

Or Walt's pack of attack fanboys. Heh.

The height of irony, given that Walt is describing how to combat this type of behavior in this post.

Walt -- "If critics can refute your evidence or your logic, then that's what they will do and it will be very effective."

To reiterate my point...

Walt links in this blog post to this description of "the Lobby's" influence:

Jews as Pivotal Voters
Lieberman attempts to challenge our argument that Jews
can be pivotal voters in presidential elections—a situation
that encourages candidates for the White House to enthusiastically
endorse the special relationship—but he ends up
agreeing with us..."

Yet, in his piece SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT:
A Response to Critics of “The Israel Lobby”
, until recently linked on the right margin of this blog, he says this:

Moreover, we emphasized that “the lobby” was not synonymous with
American Jewry, both because many American Jews do not support the lobby’s
positions...

With multiple and conflicting arguments, one can ALWAYS say someone is misrepresenting those arguments! And Walt does.

 

KEYRAN

9:45 PM ET

February 22, 2010

fine piece

You have moved from academic prose to journalism in the best sense--in a very short period of time.

There are very few on the other side who can come near you not only in emotional honesty, but in clear and vivid and telling style.

One feels he is overhearing a conversation in which the secrets of a cold-hot war are being discussed calming and with regard for the audience.

Your greatest achievement is treating the dunk-throwing semi-thugs-- who themselves are drowning in a sea of crap--- with a kind of diplomatic factual rehearsed respect.

I hope I am right in thinking the shameless are beginning to retreat.

 

BOB SPENCER

2:39 PM ET

February 23, 2010

a few quick thoughts

This is good. If I ever get famous, I will refer back to it.

How about this? Whenever evil people attack, use that opportunity to cut the issue and build your movement. Use their energy against them.

Saul Alinsky's RULES FOR RADICALS would be a good place to add to your excellent thinking. The trouble is that doing this stuff takes so much time to do it right. But if it is a life's high priority, then go at it with everything you have and keep learning.

Most of all, have fun!

Bob Spencer

 

LALEH

11:22 PM ET

February 24, 2010

Kramer?

The person seeking advice wasn't Martin Kramer with his modest proposal, was it? ;)

 

RAVEE RAGHAVAN

10:32 PM ET

February 25, 2010

claims to words

It is incredible that we have to have a "Do's and Dont's" manual such as this to navigate political sensitivities. PACs are even claiming that only certain groups and their experiences have the right to use certain words. The toll that all these noisy and powerful PACs have had on American democracy is sad, but no one has yet shown enough courage to expose this except for people like Walt. It is obvious that Carter was right when he described Israel as an apartheid society in the making but look at how he was mistreated by the lobby. Now ex-Israeli PM Barack says the same thing and no one utters a criticism. American democracy has been shattered by these lobbies and both houses say nothing because they are also fearful of THE LOBBY (as per Carter). It appears that people of Jewish origin have special democratic rights over the rest of us when it comes to questioning Israel and her interests. Jews critical of Israel are labeled as "Jew hating Jews" while the rest of us are considered racists and anti-semitic. Nobody in his right mind wants to see any race targeted and Jews who have undoubtedly suffered throughout history must understand this most of all; the importance of free speech as a fundamental right of all democratic societies. To attack 2 elite scholars and an ex-President in "violent" ways to discredit them only bounces back. People may be silent or just fearful of recriminations, but they understand what is really going on. Jewish people were once the conscience of the world against injustices and oppression, but now all we see is a changed role as the oppresor. I cannot imagine that the militarization of Israeli society and the cruel treatment of her Arab citizens will not affect young Israelis psychologically. Their insides will harden against the quality of human empathy Jews were once famous for. I think these young minds are being "destroyed" in a sense and a great divide created between them and their prophetic tradition. This is sad. To save their young people from such a tragic loss, Israel must quickly settle with the Palestinians and begin the great healing process.

 

Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University.

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