Posted By Stephen M. Walt Share

The family of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower is now weighing in against renowned architect Frank Gehry's proposed design for an Eisenhower Memorial on the mall in Washington, D.C. Good for them. Their main objection is that the main representation of the former president in Gehry's proposed design is a statue of Eisenhower as a young Kansas farm-boy. The rest of the four-acre memorial is an elaborate and soulless structure whose paved walkways also celebrate -- are you ready for this? -- the interstate highway system.  Just the sort of message one ought to highlight in an era of climate change, right?

I'm with the Eisenhower family on this one, and the brouhaha has reaffirmed my belief that Gehry is one of the more overrated architects of the modern era. (OK, his Bilbao museum was visually arresting--if you like chaos--but you should thank your lucky stars you don't have an office in this building).  This incident may also mark the only moment in recorded history when I've agreed with something published in the National Review.

What's the real problem? Let's start with Gehry's witless decision to depict one of the architects of victory in World War II, as well as a two-term president whose standing has risen steadily over time, as a barefoot farm-boy.  The other presidential memorials on the mall are either majestic in their simplicity (e.g., the Washington Monument), or they pay homage to past leaders like Lincoln in their maturity, portraying them as they were when they made their singular contributions to our common heritage.  To portray Eisenhower as a boy immediately diminishes him, and give us no sense of his unique qualities as a leader or the achievements that we treasure.  Instead, it invites us to see him as an untutored naïf, which is precisely what some of his political opponents mistakenly thought he was.

I should confess that I'm not a huge fan of presidential monuments anyway, because they reinforce popular deference to executive authority and strengthen the growing tendency to view our presidents as akin to monarchs but with term limits. But I'll concede that a handful of presidents have performed acts of leadership, wisdom and courage that can provide enduring inspiration for subsequent generations, and that memorials on the Mall to a very few might be in order.

When it comes to Eisenhower, therefore, I'd like to see a memorial that underscored his singular contribution to our understanding of post-World War II security problems: namely, his eloquent warnings about the danger of the "military-industrial complex" and his consistent efforts to advance the cause of peace.  Think about it: here is a West Point graduate and five-star general, who had seen as much of war as any American, and who had presided over a significant expansion of America's strategic nuclear arsenal in the 1950s.  Nonetheless, he ends his second term with a message to his countrymen about the dangers of unchecked military/industrial power.

And can anyone doubt that his warnings were prescient, when we realize that the United States still spends more than the next ten or twenty nations combined, when its National Security Mandarins feel little or no compunction about ordering drones to kill suspected terrorists (and sometimes innocent bystanders) while refusing to reveal to the voters who fund these activities exactly what their government are doing (or even the legal basis being used to justify it), and when our post-9/11 panic has led to a massive expansion of secret agencies and contractors whose full extent is not known or understood by the politicians who are supposedly overseeing them?

And let's not forget Ike ended the Korean War faster than Obama got us out of Iraq or Afghanistan, declined to get ensnared in France's debacle in Indochina, quashed the boneheaded Anglo-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956, and generally avoided costly military entanglements afterwards. His foreign policy record wasn't perfect by any means, but he compares quite favorably to virtually all of his successors.

A proper memorial to President Eisenhower would highlight not his boyhood -- iconic and stereotypical though it might be -- but his maturity, and his wise concerns about the trajectory our nation was on. Such a memorial would bring into fierce relief his final presidential speech, as well as some of his other remarks, where these words could help reverse our robotic tendency to assume our greatness is measured primarily by how much we can destroy, rather than by how much we can provide.

So how about a memorial where quotations such as the following were carved in stone, for each new generation to read and ponder:

 From 1960:

"This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual -- is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society.

In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.

We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."

Or this, from 1953, his first year in office:

"Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children.

The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this: a modern brick school in more than 30 cities.

It is two electric power plants, each serving a town of 60,000 population.

It is two fine, fully equipped hospitals. It is some 50 miles of concrete highway.

We pay for a single fighter plane with a half million bushels of wheat.

We pay for a single destroyer with new homes that could have housed more than 8,000 people.

This, I repeat, is the best way of life to be found on the road the world has been taking.

This is not a way of life at all, in any true sense. Under the cloud of threatening war, it is humanity hanging from a cross of iron."

Now that's a memorial I'd like to see us build. Back to the drawing board, Frank.

AFP/Getty Images

 

COCKEYMOFO76

12:57 AM ET

February 8, 2012

Ike's Great

screw liking ike - i love him. But he did not see as much war as any American - he was not a private, he never had to do some of the truly grueling work that comes with it.

Ike was great but let us be accurate more than adulatory.

 

COCKEYMOFO76

1:01 AM ET

February 8, 2012

forgot something

lo siento i forgot to add - Ike did however (and this is a sign of his political and moral intelligence) went around to concentration camps with film crews after the war.

 

MARTIAL

2:53 AM ET

February 8, 2012

A farm boy???????

Given the skill required to quarrels among generals with the largest egos imaginable, the prowess of the enemy, & the coordination of radically different military philosophies, Ike's WWII role must be the focus of any monument. If today we increase our awareness of Gen. Zhukov, we should never forget that Ike was spectacular.

http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Supreme/USA-E-Supreme-23.html

The presidency, in some ways a gift for WWII valor, was mediocre at best. Vietnam proved followed from the domino theory: http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst306/documents/domino.html
Domestic policies were lackluster: while he opposed Sen. McCarthy when the latter attacked the army, Ike did nothing about HUAC; little was done at his initiative with respect to civil rights,
http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/4

This should be engraved in stone:

Though force can protect in emergency, only justice, fairness, consideration and co-operation can finally lead men to the dawn of eternal peace.

 

STEVELAUDIG

7:36 AM ET

February 8, 2012

the proposed tree seems a problem

indulge me here. the model I found shoves a beautiful [Lord of the Rings beautiful] tree as the center. No tree will ever be as nice as the tree depicted. Otherwise it looks "Potemkiny villagey" and dopey, if that's a high art architectural term.

 

SCOTTINDALLAS

12:43 PM ET

February 8, 2012

I like Ike

He is the greatest President we've had. If I were to commission a memorial to Ike, it would be to remove the fence around the White House Lawn. I'd build large efficient concrete park benches with your second quote pressed into every one.

 

SCOTTINDALLAS

12:30 PM ET

February 9, 2012

incorrect sir

First off, he is among our lowest born Presidents, yet, arguably he achieved and aspired beyond any other. It was Ike who got us into space, Kennedy expanded the R&D that Ike encouraged. Ike pushed science, math, encouraged the largest and strongest middle class in the history of the world. His policies encouraged investment, discouraged excesses of wealth. He was a modest man, who served the people first. (except when he was cheating on Mamie)

 

KUNINO

10:32 PM ET

February 8, 2012

Snobbery to the max

Some people look at and listen to a boy and see a noisy pest. Others see another hope for the future. I think Mr Walt and I see different sides of the creatures, which is odd: Mr Walt earns a crust by educating boys and girls. . How about Eisenhower sculpted as a Harvard student? A Harvard perfesser? The real former general and president would not be demeaned by representation as a farm boy.

This Walt blast shows no sign at all of his having looked at any detail at the Gehry plan for the memorial. As it happens, I don't like what Gehry does, but even more, I don't like know-nothing attacks on other people's ideas, and this is what the perfesser seems to have handed us today.

 

MARTIAL

11:13 PM ET

February 8, 2012

With Prof. Walt on this one.

Eisenhower's merits as President are to his virtues as General as zirconias are to diamonds. D day alone is the stuff of legend. Just visit Normandy to see how amazing it really was.

http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq109-1.htm
http://www.history.army.mil/html/reference/Normandy/normandy.html

 

MARTIAL

11:23 PM ET

February 8, 2012

One other little point.

All Americans with an interest in WWII should visit Normandy. The food is fabulous (best seafood on the planet). People are just wonderful in that part of France. There are many hugely significant battles there. Plus, you get to see the Bayeux tapestry, where you learn not to trust people with mustaches. Most important, when you actually see those cliffs in person, you realize how amazing the victory really was. The Nazi's did a fabulous job building their machine gun nests, wherein they readily killed thousands of soldiers who landed on the beaches. This is to me important because some criticized Gen. Zhukov for his sacrifice of humans in the quest to rid Russia of Nazis. Sometimes, that's the only way to win.

 

BILEJONES

12:12 AM ET

February 9, 2012

What's it going to take to get over this nonsense?

"one of the architects of victory in World War II,"

It was, of course, the Soviets who defeated the Germans. They destroyed between 85-90% of German divisions.

 

KUNINO

7:30 PM ET

February 9, 2012

Oh, golly, SIN NOMBRE

The German army threw up its hands and down its weapons, screaming desperately "Gott in Himmel, these verdammte Russkies have Americanische trucks"?

OKW (German high command) records showed at the end of World War Two that they regarded Italy as a sideshow and Normandy as not all that much more important. There was some hope that surrender could be negotiated with the western allies, and none at all that the Soviet Union would discuss such a thing. Quite rightly. Having killed a quite remarkable number of German troops, the Red Army set about systematically raping German women in a giant racial cleansing operation aimed in part at ensuring the next generation of adult men in Germany would be reluctant to invade the USSR ever again.

The Russians certainly used those American trucks, and apparently paid for them -- as the Lend in Lend Lease implies. They also manufactured more fighter aircraft than the Germans, more self-propelled guns and more tanks (yes, thanks to Allied air raids of war factories in Germany). And for occasions when those excellent American trucks just wouldn't meet the military needs -- such as when the USSR drove the Germans back to the Dnieper* only to see they had blown all the bridges -- Soviet soldiers eager to continue killing the invaders of their nation packed straw into their groundsheets and used these to swim across this very large river carrying their personal weapons. But I'm sure they were very grateful for those Chevvies. And about as pissed off with those foreign invaders/occupiers as many Afghans and Iraqis seem to be today.

* pron Dn-yepper, approximately.

 

ANTHONY BANKS

6:41 PM ET

February 9, 2012

Walt doesn't understand memorials...

I think Walt misunderstands the purpose of a memorial--and, in truth, so do some architechts. The point is, or should be, to memorialize the subject in a way that allows people of differing opinions and feelings to be brought together so that they can, in a public way, reflect on those opinions and feelings--and on themselves. This is why public memorials so often take the form of public squares or plazas--such spaces encourage people to gather, to sit, to reflect, without having their private feelings about the subject encroached upon by some particular notion embodied by the memorial.

Walt thinks that Eisenhower's primarly accomplishment was his military-industrial complex speech; others think it was the interstate system; still others think it was Eisenhower's performance in wartime. A successful memorial would have to provide space for these, and other, thoughts to be expressed--and would, necessarily, also have to embody those who thought Ike was a failure.

The Vietnam memorial in Washington is a case in point. Its simply evocation of the names of the dead could be taken as an anti-war statement--after all, the sheer number of names reminds people of the heavy human toll of war--and thus could be seen to privilege those who were against the conflict. But it also allows those who lost family members to see that their contribution is not, and will not, be forgotten. These might, indeed, have been war supporters, but the memorial does not prevent them from mourning, and sharing space with those who might disagree, politically speaking.

And that's the goal: to bring people together in a space which allows them to disagree about the subject being memorialized, without the memorial itself contributing to that (very necessary) argument.

 

SCOTTINDALLAS

3:25 PM ET

February 10, 2012

ahem (clearing throat)

Did you not read my suggestion? Make the White House lawn a public park, include a bunch of concrete benches where people can gather under the shade of the deciduous trees. And stamp/engrave some of his better quotes on each bench top. I'm a designer by trade. I'm serious. Ike was born less than 100 miles of me. He's my favorite President. And, I can't think of a better memorial, save perhaps to include an observatory as a nod to his devotion to science and a Diogenene quest for the truth and knowledge. Perhaps it could accented with Norman Rockwell paintings.

 

ANTHONY BANKS

3:37 PM ET

February 10, 2012

White House not the best choice...

No, I didn't read your suggestion. But I don't think the White House is an appropriate place for a memorial. It needs to be a symbolic distance away from power--say, in Ike's hometown, or somewhere else neutral. People need a place to gather without "eyes" on them. Also, memorials tend to become, inevitably, sites of protest, and I could not imagine this being tolerated on the lawns of the White House...

 

SCOTTINDALLAS

3:24 PM ET

February 11, 2012

WH Perfect

I like the idea of a public park being right in the bosom of our highest authority. That to me is radically democratic, something I think Ike believed in. Believe me, the WH occupant will be more nervous than the park goers.

 

LOBEWIPER

12:05 PM ET

February 10, 2012

Dr. Walt's assessment

of President Eisenhower rings true with me. In my view, we have had few of his caliber in the US presidency--and certainly none recently. Eisenhower didn't believe that the use of force should be permitted to gain territory, and that this concept applied not only to the USA but to the rest of the countries in this world. My sentiments exactly! If I or my children have to go to war, I want it to be for self-defense (or defense of an ally) and only such defense.

 

SCOTTINDALLAS

3:30 PM ET

February 11, 2012

perhaps

Perhaps most notably was Ike's unwillingness to go to war for an ally too. When your friends are wrong, you don't/can't support em.

 

NICOLAS19

2:56 PM ET

February 15, 2012

exactly

Nowadays almost any moral/practical consideration is absent from the debate and decision making regarding wars. The arguments are not about the whys, hows and for whats regarding going to war, but "we have to, because otherwise we would look weak!"

 

GARVAGH

6:52 PM ET

February 10, 2012

A poor design for a memorial

Bravo.

Einsenower would be appalled at the continuing grotesque squandering of hundreds of billions of dollars year in and year out, by the US. Lunacy, that steadily weakens the country.

 

GAIUS BALTAR

10:27 PM ET

February 11, 2012

Don't underestimate the importance the Interstate highways

The Interstate Highway system was crucial in creating suburbia and all that entails. This includes the decline of the cities, the rise of suburbia and, later, exurbia. The interstate system also greatly facilitated the rise of the sunbelt. This massive shift in living patterns had enormous and long-lasting social and economic effects on our daily lives. It helped shape the daily lives of the majority of Americans. And unlike Ike's warning on the dangers of the military-industrial complex, the effects continue to this day.

Look at it as would a sociologist or economist. Then it makes perfect sense.

 

REKLAMOLOGY

7:07 PM ET

February 22, 2012

First off, he is among our

First off, he is among our lowest born Presidents, yet, arguably he achieved and aspired beyond any other. It was Ike who got us google reklam into space, Kennedy expanded the R&D that Ike encouraged. Ike pushed science, math, encouraged the largest and google reklam strongest middle class in the history of the world. His policies encouraged investment, discouraged excesses of wealth. He was a modest man, who served the people first. (except when he was cheating on Mamie)

 

Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University.

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